American Efficient, a Durham-based energy efficiency business facing more than $1 billion in federal fines and repayments for allegedly manipulating electricity markets, has filed for bankruptcy protection, court filings show.

The filing comes three months after the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission unanimously ruled that the company withheld key information from and defrauded electric grid operators, including PJM Interconnection. PJM is the regional transmission organization that manages wholesale electricity markets in Washington, D.C., and all or parts of 13 states, including northeastern North Carolina. 

FERC fined the company $722 million and ordered it to repay more than $410 million in “unjust profits” to electric grid operators.

“I don’t vote lightly for disgorgement and civil penalties this high,” said FERC Commissioner Lindsay See, a Republican and Biden appointee, at a public meeting in April. “But we’ve not been faced with a scam that robbed ratepayers of hundreds of millions of dollars in this way before.”

FERC Commissioner Lindsay See testifies before the House Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Energy on Capitol Hill Feb. 3, 2026. (Francis Chung/POLITICO via AP Images)

American Efficient has long denied the allegations. Last year, the company called FERC’s accusations “baseless,” and a consequence of bad math and a misreading of the agreements the company had with grid operators. 

After FERC’s ruling in April, an American Efficient spokesperson said the company “stands by its position that the commission’s allegations are meritless and that it did not commit any wrongdoing.”

Ben Abram, American Efficient managing director, declined to comment on the bankruptcy. 

“I don’t vote lightly for disgorgement and civil penalties this high. But we’ve not been faced with a scam that robbed ratepayers of hundreds of millions of dollars in this way before.”

Lindsay See, FERC commissioner

Abram graduated from Duke University and later served on its board of trustees. He is married to state Sen. Sophia Chitlik, who represents parts of Durham County. (The News & Observer recently reported that they are legally separated.)

American Efficient filed for a Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization. The company has assets worth $1 million to $10 million, according to bankruptcy filings, and liabilities of $1.4 billion. In addition to the FERC penalty, the company owes $3.2 million in taxes in four states, including North Carolina.

FERC’s investigation into American Efficient began five years ago after independent market monitors became skeptical of the company’s business model and alerted the commission’s enforcement staff, Inside Climate News previously reported.

American Efficient operated as an energy efficiency aggregator. It bought sales data about certain items’ “environmental attributes”—the inherent characteristics of light bulbs, appliances, caulk and other products that make them energy efficient—from large retailers, like Lowe’s, The Home Depot and Walmart, as well as lighting manufacturers and distributors.

Once it had the retailers’ sales data on the number of units sold, American Efficient then calculated how much electricity those products were expected to save. The company profited when it sold the value of the projected savings to grid operators at capacity auctions.

At these auctions, the grid operator pays a power supplier, such as a utility, or an energy efficiency resource, such as American Efficient, for its ability to produce or save power to ensure the reliability of the electric grid in the future.

These costs are ultimately passed on to ratepayers through their respective utilities.

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission fined Durham-based American Efficient in April. (Samuel Rigelhaupt/Sipa USA via AP Images)

Over more than a decade, grid operators paid American Efficient hundreds of millions of dollars on the theory that encouraging energy efficiency reduces the amount of power they must procure. For example, American Efficient received a $26 million performance bonus for purportedly saving energy during Winter Storm Elliott in 2022.

The payments to the retail stores were designed to encourage the sale and use of energy-efficient products, thereby saving electricity and, theoretically, reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

But in investigatory documents, FERC alleged that American Efficient’s business model did not save energy but was merely “market research.”  

The company’s payments to the retailers were as little as 12 cents per refrigerator and even less per light bulb. FERC investigators said there was no evidence these micro-payments, as American Efficient called them, incentivized the stores to promote the energy-efficient products to their customers.

The company didn’t verify how the stores were spending the micro-payments, according to FERC files, or track whether consumers who bought the appliances or light bulbs actually saved energy.

The investigation quoted testimony by a former policy director at one of American Efficient’s affiliated companies, who told FERC staff that “American Efficient did not believe it was causing energy efficiency to occur, or that it did.” 

The employee is not named in the document.

The company disputed the former policy director’s accounts, and in court documents called her a “disgruntled employee.”

Beyond the bankruptcy filing, American Efficient can still argue the FERC case before a judge and jury. Since the company will likely miss the payment deadline, FERC will proceed to federal District Court, which could hear new evidence and arguments. If American Efficient prevails at trial, the court could cancel the fine or both sides could reach a settlement.

Forty percent of FERC investigations that carry a proposed penalty result in a settlement or reduced fines, federal records show.

Neither side has filed for a new trial, according to the federal court docketing system.

Disclosure: Ben Abram’s father, Adam Abram, is the chair of The Assembly’s board.